Pā, pā, pā, pakaru anō tētahi, ā, koinei tētahi o ngā taputapu tino mōhiotia i roto i tā mātou taiwhanga, arā, ngā taputapu karāhe. Me pēhea te horoi i ngā taputapu karāhe me pēhea te whakamaroke.

He maha ngā mea hei aro atu māu i te wā e whakamahia ana, e mōhio ana koe?

1. Te ute ahua o ngā oko karāhe noa

(I) Paipeta

1. Whakarōpūtanga: Paipa tohu kotahi (e kiia ana ko te paipa puku nui), paipa kua whakarōpūtia (momo tukunga kore oti, momo tukunga katoa, momo pupuhi-waho)

1. Ka whakamahia te pipette tohu kotahi hei pipette i tētahi rahinga otinga kia tika. He iti te diameter o te wāhanga tohu o te pipette tohu kotahi, ā, he teitei te tika; he nui te diameter o te pipette tohu, ā, he iti ake te tika. Nō reira, i te ine i te rahinga tauoti o te otinga, ko te rahi e rite ana te tikanga ka whakamahia ko te pipette tohu kotahi hei utu mō te pipette tohu.

1. Te mahi:

Te Whakapūtātanga Paipa: mō te whakamātautau e hiahia ana kia tino tika, murua te wai e toe ana mai i te pito o te paipa ki te pepa tātari, kātahi ka horoia te wai i roto, i waho hoki o te pito o te paipa ki te wai e tatari ana mō ngā wā e toru kia kore ai e rerekē te kukū o te wai whakahaere kua tangohia. Kia tūpato kei whakahokia te wai kia kore ai e memeha, e poke rānei te wai.

Ina tāpirihia te wai hei mimi, whakauruhia te pito o te ngongo 1-2cm ki raro i te mata o te wai (hohonu rawa, he nui rawa te wai e piri ana ki te pakitara o waho o te ngongo; papaku rawa: me takoto kau te wai i muri i te hekenga o te taumata wai).

Te Pānui: Kei te taumata kotahi te rārangi tirohanga ki te pūwāhi o raro rawa o te meniscus o te otinga.

Tukunga: ka pā te pito o te ngongo ki te taha o roto o te oko kia piko ai te oko, kia tū tika ai hoki te ngongo.

Waiho kia takoto noa i te taha o te pakitara: I mua i te tangohanga o te paipa mai i te ipu e whiwhi ana, tatari mō te 3 hēkona kia tino rere katoa ai te wai.

(2) pounamu rōrahi

E whakamahia ana te nuinga hei whakarite i tētahi otinga he kukū tika.

I mua i te whakamahinga o ngā ipu rōrahi, tirohia mēnā kei te rite te rōrahi o ngā ipu rōrahi ki te mea e hiahiatia ana; Me whakamahi ngā ipu rōrahi parauri hei whakarite i ngā matū wairewa māmā. Ahakoa e turuturu ana te wai i te mono huri, i te mono kirihou rānei.

1. Whakamātautau turuturu: tāpirihia te wai puna ki te wāhi e tata ana ki te rārangi tapanga, purua te kōkī kia mau, pēhia te mono ki te maihao tohu, tū te pounamu ki raro mō te 2 meneti, ka whakamahi i te pepa tātari maroke hei tirotiro mēnā kei te turuturu te wai i te āputa o te waha o te pounamu. Ki te kore he turuturu wai, hurihia te kōkī 180° ka tū ki runga i tōna pane mō ētahi atu 2 meneti hei tirotiro.

2. Ngā Tuhipoka:

Me whakamahi ngā tokotoko karāhe ina whakawhitihia ngā otinga ki ngā pounamu rōrahi;

Kaua e pupuri i te pounamu ki roto i te nikau o tō ringaringa kia kore ai e pupū te wai;

Kia tae te rōrahi o te pounamu rōrahi ki te 3/4, rūrūtia te pounamu rōrahi mō ngā wā maha (kaua e hurihia kia pai te ranunga). Kātahi ka whakatakotoria te pounamu rōrahi ki runga i te tēpu, ka tāpiri mārire te wai kia tata ki te rārangi 1cm, me te tatari mō te 1-2 meneti kia piri te wai ki te pakitara o te pounamu. Tāpirihia te wai ki te wāhi iti rawa i raro i te taumata wai piko, ka pā ki te tohu;

Me whakamatao te wai wera ki te pāmahana rūma i mua i te werohanga ki roto i te pounamu rōrahi, ki te kore ka puta he hapa rōrahi.

Kāore e taea e te pounamu rōrahi te pupuri i te otinga mō te wā roa, inā koa te rai, ka waikura te karāhe, ka piri te kōkī, ā, kāore e taea te whakatuwhera;

Kia pau te pounamu rōrahi, horoia ki te wai.

Ki te kore e whakamahia mō te wā roa, horoia, ka murua kia maroke, ka pania ki te pepa.

1.  Tikanga horoi

Ko te pono me te tika o ngā hua tātari ka pā ki te ma o ngā momo karāhe katoa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki, nō reira he mea tino nui kia whakarite kia ma ngā karāhe e whakamahia ana.

He maha ngā huarahi hei horoi i ngā oko karāhe, me whiriwhiri kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te whakamātautau, te āhua o te paru me te nui o te parahanga. Ko te taputapu ine e hiahia ana kia tika te ine i te otinga, ehara i te mea ngāwari ki te whakamahi i te paraihe i te wā e horoi ana, nā te mea he roa te whakamahinga o te paraihe, he ngāwari ki te mau i te pakitara o roto o te taputapu ine, ā, kāore te rauemi e inehia ana i te tika.

Tirotiro i te ma o ngā taonga karāhe: me whakamakuku katoa te pakitara o roto ki te wai, kaua he kirikiri.

Tikanga horoi：

(1) Horoia ki te wai;

(2) Horoia ki te hopi horoi, ki te wai hopi rānei (kāore tēnei tikanga i te tūtohutia mō ngā whakamātautau chromatography, ngā whakamātautau ine papatipu rānei, he uaua ki te horoi i ngā surfactants, ā, ka pā pea tēnei ki ngā hua o te whakamātautau);

(3) Whakamahia he hinu kiri konukōmiuma (ka whakarewaina te 20 karamu o te pāhare pākawa dikōmāte ki roto i te 40 karamu o te wai wera me te whakaoho, kātahi ka tāpirihia mārire te 360 ​​karamu o te waikawa hauwaiora ahumahi kukū): he kaha tōna kaha ki te tango i te hinu mai i ngā mea rauropi, engari he tino waikura, ā, he paitini anō hoki. Kia tūpato ki te haumaru;

(4) Ētahi atu hinu whakahinuhinu;

Rongoā pāhare pākawa waro: Ka whakarewaina te 4 karamu o te pāhare pākawa waro ki te wai, ka tāpirihia te 10 karamu o te pāhare pākawa waro, ka whakaranua ki te wai kia 100ml. Whakamahia hei horoi i ngā paru hinu, i ētahi atu matū waro rānei.

Rongoā waikawa oxalic: Ka whakarewaina te 5-10 karamu o te waikawa oxalic ki roto i te 100ml wai, ā, ka tāpirihia he iti o te waikawa hauwaiora kukū. Ka whakamahia tēnei otinga hei horoi i te hauhā konupora i puta i muri i te horoinga ki te pāhare pākawa.

He hinu whakapūkara iodine-potassium iodide (ka whakarewaina te 1 karamu o te iodine me te 2 karamu o te potassium iodide ki te wai, ka whakaranua ki te wai kia 100ml): hei horoi i te paru parauri pouri o te hiriwa nitrate.

Otinga whakapūkara parakore: waikawa hauwaiora, waikawa hauota rānei 1:1. Whakamahia hei tango i ngā katote iti.

Hinu kawakore: 10% wairewa konutai hauwai. He pai ake te pānga o te whakamahana ki te tango hinu.

Ngā whakarewa waro (ether, ethanol, benzene, acetone): e whakamahia ana hei horoi i ngā paru hinu, i ngā matū waro rānei kua rewa i roto i te whakarewa.

3. Dryte mahi

Me horoi, me whakamaroke hoki ngā oko karāhe, hei whakamahinga ā muri ake nei i muri i ia whakamātautau. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō te nui o te maroke o ngā taputapu karāhe i ia whakamātautau. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te ipu tapatoru e whakamahia ana mō te ine i te waikawa i muri i te horoinga, engari me whakamaroke te ipu tapatoru e whakamahia ana mō te whakatau ngako. Me whakamaroke te taputapu kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga rerekē.

(1) Whakamaroke mā te hau: ki te kore e hiahiatia wawetia, ka taea te whakamaroke ki raro;

(2) Te Whakamaroke: Ka taea te whakamaroke i roto i te oumu i te 105-120℃ (kāore e taea te whakamaroke i te taputapu ine i roto i te oumu);

(3) Whakamaroke i te hau wera: ka taea te whakamahi i te hau wera hei whakamaroke wawe (whakamaroke karāhe).

Ae, ki te hiahia koe ki tētahi tikanga horoi me te whakamaroke haumaru, whai hua hoki, ka taea hoki e koe te whiriwhiri i tētahi mīhini horoi karāhe taiwhanga i hangaia e XPZ. ​​Ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakarite i te hua horoi, engari ka taea hoki te penapena i te wā, te kaha, te wai me te mahi. Ko te mīhini horoi karāhe taiwhanga i hangaia e XPZ e whakamahi ana i te hangarau horoi o te ao hou. Ka taea e ia te whakaoti i te horoi aunoa, te patu huakita me te whakamaroke mā te pātene kotahi, ka kawea mai he wheako hou o te whai huatanga, te tere me te haumaru ki a koe. Ko te whakaurunga o te horoi me te whakamaroke ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake i te taumata me te whai huatanga o te aunoatanga whakamātautau, engari ka tino whakaitihia hoki te parahanga me te kino i te wā e mahi ana.